Welcome to International Journal of Anatomy and Research

 

 

Type of Article : Original Article

Year: 2014 | Volume 2 | Issue 4 | Page No. 761-767

Date of Publication: 31-12-2014

DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2014.544

ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF NASAL INDEX OF EGYPTIANS

Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Address: Dr. Abdelmonem Hegazy (M.D.), Associate Professor, Anatomy and Embryology Department,Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
E-Mail: dr.abdelmonemhegazy@yahoo.com, ahegazy@zu.edu.eg

Abstract

Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameters in classifying human races. There are few reports in medical literature concerning nasal index that specifically address particular Egyptian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of external nose (width, height and nasal index) in Egyptians.
Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy Egyptian subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using vernier caliper. Then, nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: A total of 290 subjects, 144 males and 146 females, aged 1 month– 65 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 68.01; in males and females was 71.46 and 64.56, respectively.
Conclusions: The dominant nasal type in Egyptians was in-between mesorrhine "medium" and leptorrhine "narrow" nose. Forensic and anthropological research, as well as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery may benefit from age- and sex- based data of the study.
KEYWORDS: Anthropometry, anatomy, nasal breadth, nasal height, nasal index, sexual dimorphism, nasal type.

References

1. Franciscus RG, Long JC. Variation in human nasal height and breadth. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1991:85(4):419-427.
2. Aung SC, Foo CL, Lee ST. Three dimensional laser scan assessment of the Oriental nose with a new classification of Oriental nasal types. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53(2):109-16.
3. Porter JP, Olson KL. Analysis of the African American female nose. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2003;111(2):620-626.
4. Leong SC, Eccles R. A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 191–198.
5. Jovanović J, Jeremić D, Jovanović B, Vulović M, Sazdanović P, Sazdanović M, Ognjanović N, Stojadinović D, Jeremić K, Marković N, Živanović-Mačužić I. Nasal morphological characteristics of the Serbian population. Arch Biol Sci, 2014; 66(1): 227-232.
6. Oladipo GS, Eroje MA, Fahwehinmi HB. Anthropometric comparison of nasal indices between Andoni and Okrika tribes of Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009;1(4):135-137.
7. Trenité GJN. The Ethnic Nose. Facial Plast Surg. 2003;19(3): 237-238.
8. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, Alt KW, Bagic I, Baltadjiev G, Cunha E, Cvicelová M, Davies S, Erasmus I, Gillett-Netting R, Hajnis K, Kemkes-Grottenthaler A, Khomyakova I, Kumi A, Kgamphe JS, Kayo-daigo N, Le T, Malinowski A, Negasheva M, Manolis S, Ogetürk M, Parvizrad R, Rösing F, Sahu P, Sforza C, Sivkov S,Sultanova N, Tomazo-Ravnik T, Tóth G, Uzun A, Yahia E. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups ⁄ races. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2005;16(4): 615–646.
9. Staka G, Dragidella F, Disha M. Anthropometric study of nasal index of the Kosovo Albanian population. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 2012; 8(2):457-462.
10. Fawehinmi HB, Ligha AE. Subnasale to Gnathion Distance and Nasal Index of Children with Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease in Port-Harcourt. Eur J Gen Med 2010;7(2):197-202.
11. Hinderer KH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Surgery of the Nose, Aesculapius Publishing, Birmingham, AL. 54, Pp 30, 115, 151-153, 1971.
12. Kolar JC, Salter EM. Craniofacial Anthropometry: Practical Measurement of the Head and Face for Clinical, Surgical and Research Use. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1997.
13. Uzun A, Ozdemir F. Morphometric analysis of nasal shapes and angles in young adults. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol.2014;80:397-402.
14. Nguyen DD, Turley PK. Changes in the Caucasian male facialprofile as depicted in fashion magazines during the twentiethcentury. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:208-217.
15. Sforza C, Grandi G, De Menezes M, Tartaglia GM, Ferrario VF. Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose. Forensic Science International, 2010, 204: 205.e1–205.e9.
16. Zankl A, Eberle L, Molinari L, Schinzel A. Growth charts for nose length, nasal protrusion, and philtrum length from birth to 97 years. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 111:388–391.
17. Genecov JS, Sinclair PM, Dechow PC. Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthod 1990;60:191–198.
18. Bhargava I, Sharma JC. The nose in relation to head and face. An Anthropometric Study. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology 1959;11(4):213-218. 
19. Hall RL. Energetics of nose and mouth breathing, body size, body composition, and nose volume in young adult males and females. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2005;17:321–330.
20. Leong SC, White PS. A comparison of aesthetic proportions between the Oriental and Caucasian nose. Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci. 2004:29: 672–676.
21. Rajlakshmi C. Nasal index and age estimation from nasal dimensions of Manipuri fetuses. Journal of Medical Society, 2012;26(3):156-158.
22. Agnihotri G, Singh D. Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants, Iran. J. Pediatr. 2007;17:332–338.
23. Palma P, Bignami M, Delù G, De Bernardi F, Castelnuovo P. Rhinoplasty for the Mediterranean nose. Facial Plast. Surg. 2003;19, 279–294.
24. Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Katic MJ. Craniofacial norms in North American Caucasians from birth (one year) to young adulthood, in: L.G. Farkas (Ed.), Anthropometry of the Head and Face, Raven Press, New York,  Pp. 285–301, 1994.
25. Uzun A, Akbas H, Bilgic S, Emirzeoglu M, Bostancı O, Sahin B, Bek Y. The average values of the nasal anthropometric measurements in 108 young Turkish males. Auris Nasus Larynx, 2006;33: 31–35.
26. Oladipo GS, Olabiyi, AO, Oremosu AA, Noronha CC. Nasal indices among major ethnic groups in southern Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay, 2007; 2 (1):020-022.
27. Oladipo G, Fawehinmi H, Suleiman Y. The study of nasal parameters (nasal height, nasal width, nasal index) amongst the Yorubas of Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2008; 3 (2).
28. Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Khammar T, Khammar M. Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18–25-year-old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran. Folia Morphol., 2009;68(2):88–92.
29. Staka G, Dragidella F, Disha M. Anthropometric study of nasal index of the Kosovo Albanian Population. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 2012: 8(2) :457-462.  
30. Gangrade PR, Babel H. Anthropometric study of the nasal index of the Bheel-Meena Tribe of Southern Rajasthan. Int J Cur Res Rev, 2012; 4 (19):88-91.
31. Esomonu U.G, Rademe S. Biose I.J., Nandi E.M. nasal parameters study of efik ethnic group in Cross River State, Nigeria. FIRE Journal of Science and Technology, 2013;2:216-220.    
32. Koirala S, Shah S, Khanal L. Nasal index of the Tharu and Mongoloid population of Nepal: a cross sectional study. Russian Open Medical Journal 2014; 3: 0302:1-3.

Hegazy AA. ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF NASAL INDEX OF EGYPTIANS. Int J Anat Res 2014;2(4):761-767. DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2014.544