Welcome to International Journal of Anatomy and Research

Type of Article: Original Research

Year: 2015 | Volume 3 | Issue 4 | Page No. 1721-1725

Date of Publication: 31-12-2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2015.325

ROLE OF CARICINOGENS IN ORAL CANCER: A MICRONUCLEUS STUDY

Pratheepa Sivasankari. N *¹, Ms. Anjana ², Sundarapandian S ³.

^*1 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanchepuram Dt. Tamil Nadu, India.
² MBBS 2nd Year Student, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanchepuram Dt. Tamil Nadu, India.
³ Professor & Head, Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanchepuram Dt. Tamil Nadu, India.

Address: Dr. Pratheepa Sivasankari. N, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research centre, Kattankulathur, Kanchepuram dt. Tamil Nadu, India.
E-Mail: drpratheepa@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Background: The three most common fatal cancers were oral, stomach, lung in men. Tobacco related cancers represented 42% in male and 18.3% in female cancer deaths. Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is the carcinogen present in tobacco leads to squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity.
Context and purpose of the study: To study the genotoxicity of tobacco and alcohol on the buccal mucosa of alchoholics, smokers and betel nut chewers which is indicated by increased Micro nuclei. 20 persons having the habit of consuming alcohol and smoking and betel nut chewing were compared with 20 controls. After getting the informed consent the material was collected and stained for MN Assay.
Results: MN frequency in alcoholic, smokers, betel nut chewers were found to be significant with the ‘P’ value of <0.05 in our study.
Conclusion: The present study has revealed that there is a correlation of significant increased frequency of micro nucleus present in users of (1) alcohol and smoking in combination (2) betel nut chewers as compared to normal counterparts, indicating strong cytogenetic damage which may lead to cancerous proliferation. Tobacco can be considered as a leading carcinogenic agent for causing DNA damage which is indicated by increased micro nucleus.
Implication: The present micro nuclear study shows a feasible and economical method which could be used as a screening test in population having the habit of alcohol and smoking or betel nut chewing for identifying the effects of genomic instabilities and to introduce timely interventional strategy in order to treat and control the epidemic.
KEY WORDS: Micronucleus, Tobacco, Alcohol, Betal Nut Chewing, Oral Carcinoma.

References

1. WHO. Non communicable diseases.www.emro.who.int/entity/non communicable diseases.
2. Dikshit R, Gupta PC, Ramasundarahettige C, Gajalakshmi V et al. Cancer Mortality in India. a nationally representative survey  2012;Lancet, 379(9828) : 1807- 16
3. Vincent T Devita.Jr., Theodore S Lawrence, Steven A Rosenberg. Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology . Tobacco., Edn 9, vol , LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS publishe, 2011, 150-156.
4. Schlecht N, Franco EL, Pintos J, Negassa A, Kowakshi LP, Oliveeira BV, et.al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the risk of the upper aero digestive tract in Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150(11):1129-37.
5. Blozis GG. The value of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Int Dent J 1972;22(4):481-6.
6. Genetic toxicity. www.cerep.fr/genotoxicity.pdf.january ,2007.
7. Vikram kekatpure, Abraham kuriakose.M. Oral cancer in India:Learning from different populations. Cancer Prevention 2010;14.
8. Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Atefie K, Schultehermann R, Knasmuller S. Effect of staining procedures on the results of micronucleus assays with exfoliated oral mucosal cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(10):1835-40.
9. Jois HS, Kale AD, Mohan Kumar KP. Micronucleus as potential biomarker of oral carcinogenesis. Indian Journal of Dental Advancements 2010;2:1-5.
10. Casartelli G, Bonatti S, De Ferrari M, Scala M, Mereu P, Margarino G, et al. Micronucleus frequencies in exfoliated buccal cells in normal mucosa, precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2000; 22:486-92.
11. Gabriel HE, Crott JW, Ghandour H, et al. Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with diminished folate status, altered folate form distribution, and increased genetic damage in the buccal mucosa of healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:835-41.
12. Suhas S, Ganapathy KS, Gayatri Devi M, Ramesh C. Application of the micronucleus test to exfoliated epithelial cells from the oral cavity of beedi smokers, a high-risk group for oral cancer. Mutat Res 2004; 561:15-21.
13. Sellappa S, Balakrishnan M, Raman S, Palanisamy S. Induction of micronuclei in buccal mucosa on chewing a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco.  Journal of Oral Science 2009;51(2): 289-92.
14. Patel BP, Trivedi PJ, Brahmbhatt MM, Shukla SN, Shah PM, Bakshi SR. Micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in healthy tobacco chewers and controls: A study from Gujarat, India. Arch Oncol 2009; 17(1-2):7-10.
15. Gandhi G, Kaur R. Cytogenetic studies in exfoliated cells of high cancer risk groups: pan masala chewers. Human Ecology 2009; Special Issue 9:221-228.
16. Nair UJ, Obe G, Maru GB, Bhide SV, Pieper R, Bartsch H. Evaluation of frequency of micro nucleated oral mucosa cells as a marker for genotoxic damage in chewers of betel quid with or without tobacco. Mutation Research 1991;261:163-168.
17. Trivedi AH, Balart DB, Shah PM, Patel RK et al. Carcinogenic and genotoxic effects of the tobacco substitute pan masala: Present status and likely future impact on the Indian Population.  Cancer treatment reviews1996;22:345-354.
18. Bloching M, Hofmann A, Beighaus A, Lautenschlages C, Grummt T.Micronuclei as biological markers for the detection of local cancer transformation in the upper aerodigestive tract .HNO2000;48(6):444-50,12.
19. Konapacka M. Effect of smoking and aging on micronucleus frequencies in human exfoliated buccal cells.  Neoplasma 2003;50(5):380-2.
20. Beena P.Patel, Pina J.Trivedi, Manisha M Brahmbhatt.et al.. Micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in healthy tobacco chewers and controls: A study from Gujarat,India.2009, Arch Onco 2009;17(1-2):7-10.
21. Sudha Sellappa, Mythili Balakrishnan, Sangeetha Raman, Subashini Palanisamy. Induction of micronuclei in buccal mucosa on chewing a mixure of betel leaf, areca nut and tobacco. Journal of Oral science 2009;51(2):289- 292.
22. V. Ramakrishnan, S. Gowtham kumar, S. Govindaraju. Cytogenetic analysis of micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations in pan masala chewers.2011, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2011;2(3):B – 122-134.
23. Scully C, Porter S. Oral cancer. BMJ 2000; 321(7260):562.
24. Stich HF, et al. Quantitating the synergistic effect of smoking and alcohol consumption with the micronucleus test on human buccal mucosal cells. Int J Cancer 1983;31(3):305- 308.

Pratheepa Sivasankari. N, Ms. Anjana, Sundarapandian S. ROLE OF CARICINOGENS IN ORAL CANCER: A MICRONUCLEUS STUDY. Int J Anat Res 2015;3(4):1721-1725. DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2015.325