Welcome to International Journal of Anatomy and Research

Type of Article: Original Research

Year: 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | Page No. 2646-2651

Date of Publication: 31-08-2016

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.277

AGENESIS AND VARIATIONS OF THE PALMARIS AND THE PLANTARIS MUSCLE AND TENDON: A CADAVERIC STUDY

Murali Krishna Surapaneni.

Asssistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamatha Medical college, Khammam, Telangana, India.

Address: Dr. Murali Krishna Surapaneni, Asssistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamatha Medical college, Khammam, Telangana, India.
E-Mail: meetkrishnasurapaneni@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Palmaris longus (PL) is one of the most variable and most superficial flexor muscles of the forearm. Plantaris muscle has also been observed to present frequent variations in terms of its occurrence, origin, course, relation with surrounding neurovascular structures and insertion.
Materials and Methods: The study consisted of a total of 100 upper limbs and 100 lower limbs out of the total 50 bodies.  The origin, insertion, nerve and blood supply were noted. The length, circumference of the muscle belly and the tendon were also noted for both the muscles.
Results: The length of the forearm, Palmaris longus muscle and the tendon was also more in the males than in the females. &% of the cases had agenesis of the Palmaris longus muscle. High aponeurosis, twin bellies of the muscle, extra origin of the Palmaris longus muscle from the inter muscular septum and flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were some of the variations observed. In case of the Plantaris muscle, the length was more in the females than in the males, though the circumference of the belly and the length of the tendon was far higher in the males than in the females.
Conclusion: The knowledge of the approximate length and breadth of the Palmaris and the plantaris muscle, including the various variations that may be associated with it is very important to the surgeons in various reconstructive surgeries and physiotherapies
Key words: Palmaris Longus, Plantaris, Cadavers, Variations, Agenesis.

REFERENCES

1. Johnson D, Ellis H. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb. In: Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th ed. Spain: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p.876-877.
2. Roohi, S. A.; Choon-Sian, L.; Shalimar, A.; Tan, G. H. & Naicker, A. S. A study on the absence of palmaris longus in a multi-racial population. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal 2007;1(1):26-8.
3. Yammine K. Clinical prevalence of palmaris longus agenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Anat. 2013;26(6):709-718. doi: 10.1002/ca.22289. 
4. Mbaka GO, Ejiwunmi AB. Prevalence of palmaris longus absence--a study in the Yoruba population.Ulster Med J. 2009;78(2):90-93. 
5. Kose O, Adanir O, Cirpar M, Kurklu M, Komurcu M. The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus: a study in Turkish population. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(5):609-611. doi: 10.1007/s00402-008-0631-9.
6. Sebastin SJ, Puhaindran ME, Lim AY, Lim IJ, Bee WH. The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus--a study in a Chinese population and a review of the literature. J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30(5):525-7.
7. Pulvertaft RG. Tendon grafts for flexor tendon injuries in the fingers and thumb; a study of technique and results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1956;38(1):175-94. 
8. Wehbé MA. Tendon graft donor sites. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17(6):1130-2. 
9. Kaufmann RA, Pacek CA. Pulley reconstruction using palmaris longus autograft after repeat trigger release. J Hand Surg Br. 2006;31(3):285-7. 
10. Lam DS, Lam TP, Chen IN, Tsang GH, Gandhi SR. Palmaris longus tendon as a new autogenous material for frontalis suspension surgery in adults. Eye (Lond). 1996; 10 (Pt 1): 38-42. 
11. Moore, Keith L; & Dalley Arthur R. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2008;652-660. ISBN 978-1- 60547
12.  Saxena A, Bareither D. Magnetic resonance and cadaveric findings of the incidence of plantaris tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 2000 July;21(7):570-572.
13. Ellis H, Healy JC, Johnson D, Williams A. Forearm. In: Standring S. Edinburg, editor. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th Ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. 2005:873-887.
14. Gangata H. The Clinical Surface Anatomy Anomalies of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in the Black African Population of Zimbabwe and a Proposed New Testing Technique. Clin Anat. 2009;22:230-235
15. Souza SC. Lições de Anatomia. Manual de Esplantologia. Editor da Universidade Federal da Bahia- Edufba; 2010. p. 32.
16. Machado AB, DiDio LJ. Frequency of the musculus palmaris longus studied in vivo in some Amazon indians. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1967;27(1):11-20. 
17. Alves N, Ramirez D, Deana NF. Study of frequency of the palmaris longus muscle in Chilean subjects.Int. J. Morphol. 2011;29(2):485.
18. Thompson NW, Mockford BJ, Cran GW. Absence of the palmaris longus muscle: a population study.Ulster Med J. 2001;70(1):22-4.
19. Tountas CP, Bergman RA. Anatomic variations of the upper extremity. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993.
20. Sebastin SJ, Puhaindran ME, Lim AY, Lim IJ, Bee WH. The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus--a study in a Chinese population and a review of the literature. J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30(5):525-7.
21. Agarwal P. Absence of the palmaris longus tendon in Indian population. Indian J Orthop.2010;44(2):212. 
22. Sebastin SJ, Lim AY. Clinical assessment of absence of the palmaris longus and its association with other anatomical anomalies-- a Chinese population study. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006;35(4):249-53. 
23. Kyung D, Lee J, Choi I, Kim D. Different frequency of the absence of the palmaris longus according to assessment methods in a Korean population. Anat Cell Biol. 2012;45(1):56–6. 
24. Reimann A, Daseler E, Anson B, Beaton L. The Palmaris longus muscle and tendon. A study of 1600 extremities. Anat Rec. 1944;89:495-505.
25. Takanashi Y, Eda M, Kaidoh T., Inoue T., A Case of the Bilateral Duplicate Palmaris Longus Muscles Coupled with the Palmaris Profundus Muscle. Yonago Acta Med. 2012 Dec;55(4):75-80.
26. Kimura K, Konishi M, Takahashi Y. A case of the duplicate palmaris longus muscle. Boei Ikadaigakko Zasshi 1979;4:57-59 (in Japanese with English abstract).
27. Hojo T. A case of the duplicate palmaris longus muscle. Acta Anat Nippon 1976;51:422-425.
28. Freeman AJ, Jacobson NA, Fogg QA. Anatomical variations of the plantaris muscle and a potential role in patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Anat. 2008 Mar;21(2):178-181.
29. Rana KK, Das S, Verma R. Double plantaris muscle: A cadaveric study with clinical importance. Int J Morphol. 2006;24(3):495-498
30. Deutsch, A. L, Mink, J. H. Magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal injuries. Radiol. Clin. North. Am., 1989;27:983-1002.
31. Pagenstert, G. I., Valderrabano, V., Hintermann, B. Lateral ankle ligament reconstruction with free plantaris tendon graft. Techniques in Foot & Ankle Surgery. 2005;4:104-12.

Murali Krishna Surapaneni. AGENESIS AND VARIATIONS OF THE PALMARIS AND THE PLANTARIS MUSCLE AND TENDON: A CADAVERIC STUDY. Int J Anat Res 2016;4(3):2646-2651. DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2016.277