SPLIT KIDNEY: A CASE REPORT Caio   Fernando   Cardoso   Souza,   Lucas   Alves   Sarmento   Pires   *,   Alvaro   de   Rezende   Teixeira,   Rogério   Carvalho   de   Araújo,   Marcio Antônio Babinski. Anatomy Laboratory, Morphology Department, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CORRESPONDING   AUTHOR:    Lucas   Alves   Sarmento   Pires,   Fluminense   Federal   University,   Rua   Professor   Ernani   Mello,   101,   São   Domingos   -   Niterói   -   Rio   de Janeiro - Brazil ZIP CODE 24210-150. Phone: +55 (21) 98307-6012 E-Mail:  lucaspires@id.uff.br ABSTRACT Background:   The   kidneys   are   retroperitoneal   organs   with   a   unique   embryological   formation.   They   are   formed   by   two   distinct   embryological   bases,   one   for the   collecting   system   and   one   for   the   parenchymatous   tissue.   The   kidneys   are   often   target   to   anatomical   variations   regarding   its   vessels,   its   collecting system,   its   position   on   the   abdominal   cavity   and   others.   Most   of   those   variations   happen   due   to   different   stimuli   during   its   embryonic   development.   Such   is the   case   of   the   distinct   fetal   period   lobulation,   which   happens   uncommonly.   Many   of   these   abnormalities   may   produce   clinical   symptoms,   moreover, variations   can   cause   confusion   among   clinicians   regarding   diagnostic   aspects   or   surgeons   during   partial   nephrectomy,   kidney   transplants   and   other   surgical procedures involving the retroperitoneal area or the kidney itself. Case   Report:   During   regular   dissection   of   a   male   cadaver,   after   dissection   of   the   retroperitoneal   region,   it   was   observed   an   abnormal   conformation   of   the right   kidney:   it   was   completely   divided   by   a   fibrous   septum   into   two   lobes.   The   fibrous   septum   was   composed   of   the   same   tissue   of   the   kidney’s   fibrous capsule.   A   coronal   section   of   the   kidney   showed   that   there   was   also   a   variation   regarding   the   calyces:   they   joined   independently   in   order   to   form   the   renal pelvis. Conclusions:   We   believe   that   knowledge   regarding   variations   of   the   kidney   is   of   great   significance   to   the   clinician   and   the   surgeon,   and   many   of   them   can produce discomforting symptoms. KEY WORDS : Anatomic Variation, Kidney, Retroperitoneal, Embryology. References 1 . Testut L, Jacob O. 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